The making of an Automobile
The products manufactured by the automotive industry are the passenger cars, trucks, vans, sport concerned vehicles, busses, and recreational vehicles.
The industry is one of the largest industry in the US and employees over 2 million people.
Automotive industries are mostly concentrated in the Great Lakes area, especially in Michigan, but it can be found in most of the other parts of the country as well.
Employment opportunities in the industry offers tens and thousands of job to the higher skilled personnel, such as, highly educated scientists, engineers, managers, and other professionals. It also has large openings for thousands of skilled workers, who largely work in the production line, and unskilled laborers.
Generally, each of the automobile manufacturers bring out new line of vehicles every year, the planning and design of which start at least two to three years earlier before you find it in a dealer’s showroom. Before these new line of vehicles are brought out, the planning stage of these new models are first considered by the company’s highest officials, along with their product planning group.
Here the broad outline of the vehicles are decided, deciding on matters, such as, whether to emphasize on luxury models or to consider such matters as to keep the price low. The aspects on safety measures, fuel economy, the size, the weight, and air pollution control are also considered and decided.
Bionics in Medicine Engineering
While medical science has been progressing by leaps and bounds during the last few decades, it has been matching its progress stride by stride.
In the field of medicine engineering, one very important part is bionics that is dedicated to the study of synthetic implants in the body of human beings, animals, and even plants.
In fact, bionics in medicine engineering refers to synthetic implantation within any living organism.
Medicine engineering views human body as biological machine. Therefore, the study of this science also includes study of human body and its natural systems.
The sole aim of such study in medicine engineering is the innovation of a safe process for replacement of biology with technology.
The aspect of this science introduces to us the study of bionics or bionical creativity as it is called.
Bionics in medicine engineering is also known as biomimetics, biognosis or bionical creativity engineering. The basis of this study is the process of applying the natural systems and methods in the realm of medicine engineering and to its designs. As a result it combines the natural elements with the modern technology in the process of improvement of medicine engineering.
The term “Bionics” has originated form the Greek word “Biov” whose true pronunciation is “bion”. “Bion” means unit of life and “ic” means “like” and thus the term bionics has come into the arena of medicine engineering. Some medicine engineering experts however believe that the word “bionics” refers to a combination of biology with electronics which is also true in a certain sense.
Medicine Engineering and Human Body
For age long, the study of human body from different directions and for different purposes has been a very interesting and complicated part of medicine engineering.
While medicine aims to sustain, enhance, and replace functions of the human body, the engineering aims at providing the necessary know how for it, and thus medicine engineering can be considered to be a science of application of medicine to the human body.
Medicine engineering on human body is basically concerned with the application of various pharmaceutical drugs and their effects. Not only that, medicine engineering is also concerned with replacement of natural organs in human body by artificial ones. Some potent examples are brain implants and pacemakers, which could be considered to be the irreplaceable gift of medicine engineering to human society.
Brain implants, also known as neural implants is perhaps the most important part of medicine engineering related to human body. These are technological devices that directly contact with a human brain. Following the avid principles laid down by in depth study of medicine engineering, these devices are ordinarily placed on the surface of the brain. Medicine engineering has also discovered of late the biomedical prosthesis circumventing areas in the brain. These parts become non-functional consequent upon a stroke or injuries sustained. Medicine engineering has come up with the solution of sensory substitution caused by such head injuries or stroke.
[Italy] Crp Technology
Having been a primary active partner to the main Racecar Constructors for more than 30 years, CRP Technology offers a unique opportunity to the Motor Sport market: a support throughout the entire project, including the manufacturing process.
CRP has been instrumental in the success of many race winning F1, Moto GP, Rally Raid, ALMS and World Rally Championship teams.
What makes this company different are the partnerships we have formed with the different teams. CRP is involved at the earliest design and development stages and our innovative approach to the use of new materials and technology is widely recognised by the race car industry.
CRP Technology therefore provides race car design and construction services to competition car constructors and motoracing teams.
Constantly developing and improving itself, CRP’s business is nowadays constituted by:
- The complete creation of mechanical parts, especially for sports racing cars, including the study and engineering of the customer’s main project, to the choice of the manufacturing process
- The sale of parts made by layer manufacturing techniques using internally developed composite materials WINDFORM branded
- Production and commercialization of those WINDFORM composite materials for laser sintering all around the world.
Automotive engineering brings processors in vehicles
Automotive engineering has brought in advanced concepts in today’s auto industries. Cars are now installed with 8- to 16- to 32-bit processors, with thoughts of introducing the state-of-art processor technology in the very near future.
The proven technology of dual core processors, bring in speed and faster computing power, with a lower clock speed, hence consuming less power. This would mean less heat generation. In modern information technology systems, dual core processors have already created a mark, with thoughts going on for multi-core processors to be soon introduced in the market.
In the past, auto manufacturers have used dual-core processors in automotive engineering, but the thoughts are fast changing with applications taking a new turn. It is understood that some auto manufacturers is contemplating using triple-core processors in vehicles, and is also working with groups to implement quad-core processor systems.
There are many areas in automotive engineering that have notable application that require the performance of dual-core processors. The most important areas of application are fuel saving, and emission reductions, with diagnosis of safety management and transformation of hardware based functions to systems based on software.
With regards to the transformation from single-core units to dual-core would be simpler than, if this change was required to be made from a 16-bit system to a 32-bit processor. There would have been requirement for wide changes in the software making it suitable to run on a 32-bit system. As for the transformation from single-core to dual-core, the changes would be simpler, without having any major re-writes.
Electron Beam Lithography
Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) is a method that allows the original digital image to be transferred directly to the interested substrate without the use of mask. It was introduced soon after the development of the scanning electron microscope.
In 1954, Broers reported 50 nm lines ion milled into metal films using a contamination resist patterned with a 10 nm wide e-beam. Later in 1976, with improved electron optics, 8 nm lines in Au-Pd were reported using a 0.5 nm probe. In 1984, a functioning Aharonov-Bohm interference device was fabricated with Electron Beam Lithography.
One year later, 1 nm to 2 nm features in metal halide resists were reported. Until recently, Electron Beam Lithography is used almost exclusively for fabricating research and prototype nanoelectronic devices. Its precision and nanolithographic capabilities make it the tool of choice for making masks for other advanced lithographies.
Car suspension system in automotive engineering
Automotive engineering has brought forth the ability in today’s cars to reach a balance between the riding comfort and its road handling capability. This has been achieved through an active suspension control installed in the car, through a typical distributed control system. We discuss here a brief account of the mechanism of an active suspension system in a vehicle, where the distributed structure of the mechanism has been taken into account.
Automotive engineering has helped to conceive the theory of embedded distributed control architectures that have come to be the first and foremost innovation in modern cars, which have been applied to achieve improvements in performance in the vehicles. The system costs more than a quarter of the cost that is required to manufacture a car, which has made the car manufacturers to have a re-look at the costing and make improvement of the effective cost of the vehicle.
Introduction of such technologies have brought disadvantages. With computers deployed in the architectural design of the system in controlling the suspensions of a car, it has given rise to delays and jitters in the vehicles, giving rise to degraded performance.
Deployment of larger computer systems in the architecture has been found to solve the problem, but it has become a hard challenge for the car manufacturers to reduce prices and meet the competition.
With the advent of modern automotive engineering, the architectural concepts of distributed control have been applied in active suspension control systems in vehicles in order to provide a smoother ride.
This suspension control system comprises of a set of mechanisms at the four corners of a vehicle. These are springs, shock absorbers, and a hydraulic actuator. These four sets of mechanisms provide the car with a better road holding and improved comfort, with the suspension buffering all the forces between the vehicle and the road.
Drugs and Medicine Engineering
During the last century there have been many revolutionary changes in the fields of invention of drugs and medicine engineering. Using the skills of biotechnology, medicine engineering has been able to identify a lot about human genes.
However, the real work of medicine engineering, that of transforming this knowledge into new qualitative drugs, is of comparatively recent origin.
Today, we find millions of new drugs in the market that are products of use of medicine engineering combined with the knowledge derived from biotechnology. Medicine engineering has not stopped here.
There are a number of new drugs coming up or are in the pipeline, which is considered to be one of the greatest gifts of medicine engineering to the human society.
Evolution and development is never static and it is also in the case of medicine engineering. Technology has grown so fast that, today you can diagnose or check on a thousand drug discovery processes in almost no time using the same medicine engineering methods.
For example, take the re-growth of tissues, which is the main concern of medicine engineering over the years.
This aspect is now affectively addressed by making the natural healing process take place faster than what medicine engineering used to experience earlier.
Rapid Prototyping Practical Applications
Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies, also known as Desktop Manufacturing (DM), Layer Manufacturing Technologies (LMT), or Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), has taken the industrial segment by storm with its revolutionary and remarkable production techniques, having applications in several industries, namely, aerospace, biomedical, architecture, education, automotive, appliances, jewelry, consumer electronics, packaging and printing industries.
Rapid Prototyping applications can be broadly grouped into three heads, namely, applications in design; applications in engineering, analysis and planning; and applications in manufacturing and tooling.
The applications in design concern with CAD-model verification with respect to the design specification, the ability to visualize objects, as a physical proof of the mental concept, and as a marketing and presentation model.
The applications in engineering, analysis and planning concern with form and fit models, flow analysis, analysis of stress distribution, pre-series parts, diagnostic and pre-surgical operation planning, and design and fabrication of custom prostheses and implants.
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