Systems and controllers in industrial refrigeration
Refrigeration, the process of maintaining an enclosed space at a temperature lower than the surroundings, has wide application in various industries like food processing, power plants, hospitals, pharmaceuticals etc. as well as for commercial use like supermarkets etc. The 3 main methods of achieving refrigeration are cyclic, non cyclic and thermo electric, out of which cyclic method is the most common.
The major components of cyclic refrigeration systems are compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion valve that correspond to compression, condensation, evaporation and expansion part of the thermodynamic cycle respectively.
The compressor compresses the refrigerant like Freon, ammonia, CO2 etc. and converts it from saturated state to superheated state. The compressors used in industrial refrigeration systems are of various types, centrifugal, reciprocating, screw, vane etc.
Composite materials in automotive engineering
The use of composite materials for the manufacturing of racing cars was a significant milestone of achievement in the automotive industry, as the earliest racing cars were made mostly with a single aluminum chassis, which was prone to major fractures. In the late 1980s, the use of advanced composite material in the racing industry caused a revolution of sorts in the world of automobile engineering. Such composites provided an apt solution for racing car chassis, as these were not only lightweight, but also sturdy and robust, offering the driver much more security, if the car were to crash.
Slowly and steadily, of such materials were being used in production sports cars as well because they increasingly became cost effective, and today; in the 21st century, the use of composite materials in a car/automotive manufacturing is more or less the norm.
The earliest composite materials included fiberglass, developed in the 1940s; however, this material did not make its way through to the automotive industry at that point of time, due to limitations in the then automotive engineering techniques. Today, fiberglass is used extensively for just about everything, including surfboards, building panels, boat hulls, and of course a car chassis.
The advantage of composite materials over normal single layered metals is the fact that these are many times stronger and lighter than the latter. As a result, the use of such a composite material not only decreases the overall weight of the object, but is also, compared to single layered materials, much more break resistant.
Valve regulators in refrigeration systems
Valves perform a variety of functions in refrigeration systems. They are used for expansion of vapour, regulating flow of water or vapour, pressure and temperature regulation, activating a device etc. Depending on the function there are various types of valves available viz. expansion valves, stop & regulating valves, solenoid valves, safety valves, pressure controlled valves, etc.
Valve regulators are used for many different functions in commercial and industrial refrigeration like capacity regulation, condensing pressure regulation, evaporation pressure regulation, receiver pressure regulation, crankcase pressure regulation etc.
Capacity valve regulators adjust compressor capacity to actual evaporator load in applications like air driers and water chillers where the evaporating temperature is around 0 deg C. They maintain compressor suction pressure by injecting hot / cool gas from the higher pressure side. When pressure drops at the outlet these valve regulators open up to achieve pressure regulation.
They are hermetically sealed and made of bimetal as well as stainless steel.
Diagnosis with bacteria in medicine engineering
When we speak of bacteria in medicine engineering, the images of carriers of diseases loom large in our minds. However, one blessing of modern technologies in medicine engineering is that, it has taught us to use all types of elements for the betterment of people at large, and for the well being of the human society.
Thus medicine engineering experts have now invented the new method of using bacteria as ferry or carrier of nano-particles into human or living cells for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially those that are deadly and fatal.
Valuable research in this aspect of medicine engineering has been conducted of late by the Purdue University, and this has brought to light the fact that bacteria can carry a cargo of smart nano-particles into living cells.
These bacteria enable medicine engineering experts, as well as traditional physicians, to exactly identify the reasons for ailments. In turn, the medicine engineering experts are also able to precisely position sensors, drugs, or DNA for early diagnosis of diseases.
A further benefit that has accrued to medicine engineering field is that, it is now possible to have early treatment of many dangerous diseases due to such early diagnosis.
The new CPR method in Medicine Engineering
Necessity is the mother of invention and so it is in the field of medicine engineering.
Experts in medicine engineering all over the world are engaged in constant research and analysis on how to develop the process of medicine engineering. As a result they are coming up regularly with new inventions and technologies that are rapidly changing the face of the traditional medicine engineering.
The latest among such inventions in the field of medicine engineering is a new method to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation which is much more effective than the standard CPR.
The uniqueness of this new method in medicine engineering lies in the fact that it increases blood flow through the heart by 25% over the current method.
Moreover, the conventional CPR has a success rate of only 5-10% which is absolutely unsatisfactory as a medical process. Even this success rate is dependant on the fact as to how fast the rescuers are able to respond and how well the procedure is performed following the basic principles in medicine engineering.
The worst part of it is that, even a one-minute delay can reduce your chances of success by 10% in this art of medicine engineering.
All these problems relating to this method in medicine engineering has necessitated the invention of a new method that would ensure better success.
Any medical process with such a low success rate should be abandoned straight away and medicine engineering will need to find the alternative to such near obsolete methods. On the other hand, you cannot do away with CPR altogether because, there is yet to be an affective alternative provided by medicine engineering experts.
Medicine Engineering and Molecular Biology
One of the most important area of medicine engineering deals with molecular biology.
This area is different from other areas relating to medicine engineering, particularly dealing with biology, chemistry, genetics and biochemistry.
The major concern of molecular biology in medicine engineering arena is to take stock of the interactions occurring between various systems of a cell including the inter-relationship between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis.
Although a part of medicine engineering as a whole, molecular biology is also a part of the basic science and classical biology. However, the difference lies in the fact that, molecular biology is concerned mainly with the forms of biological molecules, and is 3-dimensional in character giving a new face to the art of medicine engineering.
Veterinary science and medicine engineering
Medicine is as essential for animal life as it is for human life and thus veterinary science has become an integral part of medicine engineering.
This science is concerned with prevention, control, diagnosis and treatment of ailments caused to animals by using the principles of medicine engineering in manufacturing preventive and curative medicines.
Medicine engineering vis-à-vis veterinary science has assumed more significance in case of food producing animals like cows, goats, and sheep.
Treatment of animals is not a new concept to medicine engineering studies. It was in existence in ancient Egypt and Babylon even in 2000 B.C.
Ancient Greek civilization experienced the rise of so called horse doctors, a group of experts in animal medicine engineering. The Latin version of the term “veterinarius” has gradually evolved into what is called Veterinarian today.
Genetic Engineering in Medicine Engineering
In medicine engineering, a host of techniques are used for manipulation of organic components in human body.
The process followed is that of pursuing the heredity and reproduction that helps the experts of medicine engineering to pin point the exact objective.
The term thus encompasses the artificial selection and all aspects of biomedical techniques involved in the realm of medicine engineering. Some examples are artificial insemination, gene manipulation, and cloning, each a unique feature of the realm of medicine engineering.
Gene cloning for example is a process in medicine engineering where DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined within the cells or in vitro. They are then inserted into host organisms where they are able to propagate. Such gene cloning is used to create new medicines that provide value to science, medicine, and agricultural items in medicine engineering.
The industrial aspect in medicine engineering is also not a subject to be undermined.
Medical Imaging in Medicine Engineering
Though not directly related to the manufacturing of medicines, medical imaging has a major role to play in the arena of medicine Engineering, which is considered to be an application of biomedical engineering. The process is used to generate animated sequence of images to ensure production of correct medicine, which forms the sole aim of medicine engineering.
These imaging technologies are often found to be vital for medical diagnosis, and are among the most complex equipments connected with medicine engineering subject.
Imaging in medicine engineering can be of various types.
The imaging processes which are most commonly used in the realm of medicine engineering are Fluoroscopy, Magnetic resonance imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Positron Emission Tomography, X-Rays and CT Scans, Tomography, Ultrasound, and Electron Microscopy.
Each of these imaging processes contributes in their own way in developing medicine engineering.
Medicine Engineering in 21st Century
Evolution is the hall mark of development of the new conceptions, and medicine engineering is no exception to this universal rule. In fact, medicine engineering has advanced by leaps and bounds over the years and the evolution can only be termed as phenomenal. Although medicine engineering has seen growth from time to time, it was the 20th century that saw some extraordinary developments.
A number of landmark innovations were made in the field of medicine engineering and it changed the face of medicine, as well as medicine engineering, out of proportions.
It all started in 1901, when a primary indicator of the effect of health care on mortality was evolved and it revolutionized the subject of medicine engineering.
The life expectancy at that point of time in the United Kingdom was 48 years for male and 51.6 years for females, which the scientists aimed at improving.
Medicine engineering, naturally, played a vital role in such an improvement. With developments of medical science, and so also medicine engineering, life expectancy reached as high as 71.4 years for male and 77.2 years for females, eight decades later in the 1980’s.
Most developed nations followed suit and even developing countries reaped the benefits of revolutions in medicine engineering reducing hitherto fatal diseases to non-fatal ones. This improved the life expectancy rates all around.
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